IX. REFERENCES

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888918.

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Arthur, W., Jr., Doverspike, D., & Fuentes, R. (1992). Recipients' affective responses to affirmative action interventions: A cross-cultural perspective. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 10, 229243.

Ayers, L. R. (1992). Perceptions of affirmative action among its beneficiaries. Social Justice Research, 5, 223-238.

Barnes Nacoste, R. (1990). Sources of stigma: Analyzing the psychology of affirmative action. Law and Policy, 12, 175194.

Barnes Nacoste, R. (1992). Toward a psychological ecology of affirmative action. Social Justice Research, 5, 269-289.

Barnes Nacoste, R. (1994). If empowerment is the goal...: Affirmative action and social interaction. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 87112

Baron, R. M., & Graziano, W. G. (1991). Social psychology. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Bell, M. P. (1996). Attitudes toward affirmative action: Tests of a comprehensive framework. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Texas at Arlington.

Bell, M. P., McLaughlin, M. E., & Harrison, D. A. (1996, August). The belief structure of attitudes toward affirmative action: Gender, race, and population differences. Paper presented at the meeting of the Academy of Management, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Beller, A. H. (1978). The economics of enforcement of an antidiscrimination law: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Journal of Law and Economics, 21, 359380.

Bennett-Alexander, D. D. (1990). The state of affirmative action in employment: A post-Stotts retrospective. American Business Law Journal, 27, 565-597.

Bobo, L., & Kluegel, J. R. (1993). Opposition to race-targeting: Self-interest, stratification ideology, or racial attitudes? American Sociological Review, 58, 443-464.

Bobo, L., & Smith, R. A. (1994). Antipoverty policies, affirmative action, and racial attitudes. In S. H. Danziger, G. D. Sandefur, & D. H. Weinberg (Eds.), Confronting poverty: Prescriptions for change (pp. 365-395). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bobocel, D. R., & Farrell, A. (1996). Sex-based promotion decisions and interactional fairness: Investigating the influence of managerial accounts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 22-35.

Brutus, S., & Ryan, A. M. (1994, April). A new perspective on preferential treatment: The role of ambiguity and self-efficacy. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Nashville.

Burstein, P. (1978). Equal employment opportunity legislation and the income of women and nonwhites. American Sociological Review, 44, 367391.

Burstein, P. (1985). On equal employment opportunity and affirmative action. In C. B. Marrett & C. Leggon (Eds.), Research in race and ethnic relations (Vol. 4, pp. 91-112). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Chacko, T. I. (1982). Women and equal employment opportunity: Some unintended effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 119123.

Clayton, S. D. (1992). Remedies for discrimination: Race, sex and affirmative action. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 10, 245-257.

Clayton, S. D. (in press). Reactions to social categorization: Evaluating one argument against affirmative action. Journal of Applied Social Psychology.

Clayton, S. D. & Crosby, F. J. (1992). Justice, gender, and affirmative action. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Clayton, S. D., & Tangri, S. S. (1989). The justice of affirmative action. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Eds.), Affirmative action in perspective (pp. 177-192). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Collison, M. N.-K. (1992, February 5). Colleges have done a bad job of explaining affirmative action to students, critics say: As a result, some Whites view themselves as victims. The Chronicle of Higher Education, A37-A38.

Coughlin, E. (1995, November 17). The Great Divide: Public Views, Private Thoughts. The Chronicle of Higher Education, A6-A7.

Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608630.

Cropanzano, R., & Greenberg, J. (in press). Progress in organizational justice: Tunneling through the maze. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Crosby, F. (1976). A model of egotistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review, 83, 85-113.

Crosby, F. (1984). Relative deprivation in organizational settings. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 5193). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Crosby, F. J. (1994). Understanding affirmative action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 13-41.

Crosby, F. J., Allen, B., & Opotow, S. (1992). Changing patterns of income among Blacks and Whites before and after executive order 11246. Social Justice Research, 5, 335341.

Davis, C. E., & West, J. P. (1984). Implementing public programs: Equal employment opportunity, affirmative action, and administrative policy options. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, 16-30.

de Vries, S., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1994). A comparative perspective on affirmative action: Positieve Aktie in the Netherlands. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 179-199.

DiPrete, T. A. (1987). The professionalization of administration and equal employment opportunity in the U. S. Federal Government. American Journal of Sociology, 93, 119140.

DiPrete, T. A., & Soule, W. T. (1986). The organization of career lines: Equal employment opportunity and status advancement in a federal bureaucracy. American Sociological Review, 51, 295309.

Doverspike, D., & Arthur, W. (1995). Race and sex differences in reactions to a simulated selection decision involving racebased affirmative action. Journal of Black Psychology, 21(2), 181200.

Dovidio, J. F., Mann, J., & Gaertner, S. L. (1989). Resistance to affirmative action: The implications of aversive racism. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Eds.), Affirmative action in perspective (pp. 83-102). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Eberhardt, J. L., & Fiske, S. T. (1994). Affirmative action in theory and practice: Issues of power, ambiguity, and gender versus race. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 201220.

Eberts, R. W., & Stone, J. A. (1985). Male-female differences in promotions: EEO in public education. Journal of Human Resources, 20, 504521.

Edelman, L. B., Erlanger, H. S., & Lande, J. (1993). Internal dispute resolution: The transformation of civil rights in the workplace. Law and Society Review, 27, 497534.

Fernandez, J. P. (1981). Racism and sexism in corporate life. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Fernandez, J. P. (1991). Managing a diverse work force: Regaining the competitive edge. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Fine, T. S. (1992a). The impact of issue framing on public opinion toward affirmative action programs. The Social Science Journal, 29(3), 232334.

Fine, T. F. (1992b). Public opinion toward equal opportunity issues: The role of attitudinal and demographic forces among African Americans. Sociological Perspectives, 35, 705720.

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Fletcher, J. F., & Chalmers, M. (1991). Attitudes of Canadians toward affirmative action: Opposition, value pluralism, and nonattitudes. Political Behavior, 13(1), 67-95.

Fried, Y., Levi, A. S., Browne, K. R., & Billings, S. W. (1996). The relation between political ideology and attitudes toward affirmative action among African-Americans: The moderating effect of racial discrimination in the workplace. Unpublished manuscript.

Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 6189). Orlando: Academic Press.

Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1987). The changing culture of affirmative action. In R. D. Braungart (Ed.), Research in political sociology (Vol. 3, pp. 137-177). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Garcia, L. T., Erskine, N., Hawn, K., & Casmay, S. R. (1981). The effect of affirmative action on attributions about minority group members. Journal of Personality, 49, 427437.

Gilliland, S. W., & Haptonstahl, D. E. (1995, May). Distributive justice of preferential hiring decisions. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Orlando, FL.

Glasser, I. (1988). Affirmative action and the legacy of racial injustice. In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 341-357). New York: Plenum Press.

Goldsmith, N., Cordova, D., Dwyer, K., Langlois, B., & Crosby, F. J. (1989). Reactions to affirmative action: A case study. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Eds.), Affirmative action in perspective (pp. 139146). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Goldstein, M., & Smith, R. S. (1976). The estimated impact of the anti-discrimination program aimed at federal contractors. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 29, 524543.

Graves, L. M., & Powell, G. N. (1994). Effects of sex-based preferential selection and discrimination on job attitudes. Human Relations, 47, 133157.

Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 401 U.S. 424 (1971).

Groarke, L. (1990). Affirmative action as a form of restitution. Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 207-213.

Guttman, A. (1993). EEO law and personnel practices. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Hattrup, K. (1994, April). The roles of the self-concept and fairness perceptions in reactions to preferential hiring. In M. A. McDaniel (Chair), Research in affirmative action. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Nashville, TN.

Heckman, J. J., & Wolpin, K. I. (1976). Does the contract compliance program work? An analysis of Chicago data. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 29, 544564.

Heilman, M. E. (1994). Affirmative action: Some unintended consequences for working women. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 16, pp. 125-169). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Heilman, M. E., Block, C. J., & Lucas, J. A. (1992). Presumed incompetent? Stigmatization and affirmative action efforts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 536544.

Heilman, M. E., Block, C. J., & Stathatos, P. (in press). The affirmative action stigma of incompetence: Effects of performance information ambiguity. Academy of Management Journal.

Heilman, M. E., & Herlihy, J. M. (1984). Affirmative action, negative reaction? Some moderating conditions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 33, 204213.

Heilman, M. E., Lucas, J. A., & Kaplow, S. R. (1990). Self-derogating consequences of sex-based preferential selection: The moderating role of initial self-confidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 46, 202216.

Heilman, M. E., McCullough, W. F., & Gilbert, D. (1996). The other side of affirmative action: Reactions of nonbeneficiaries to sex-based preferential selection. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 346-357.

Heilman, M. E., Rivero, J. C., & Brett, J. F. (1991). Skirting the competence issue: Effects of sex-based preferential selection on task choices of women and men. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 99-105.

Heilman, M. E., Simon, M. C., & Repper, D. P. (1987). Intentionally favored, unintentionally harmed? Impact of sex-based preferential selection on self-perceptions and self-evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 6268.

Hersch, J. (1991). Equal employment opportunity law and firm profitability. Journal of Human Resources, 26, 139153.

Hitt, M. A., & Keats, B. W. (1984). Empirical identification of the criteria for effective affirmative action programs. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 20, 203222.

Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F. L., & Rauschenberger, J. M. (1977). Fairness of psychological tests: Implications of four definitions for selection utility and minority hiring. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 245-260.

Ingwerson, M. (1995, March 31). Why Americans get riled up about racial hiring. The Christian Science Monitor, 87(87), 1.

Jacobson, C. K. (1985). Resistance to affirmative action. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 29, 306329.

Jacobson, M. B. & Koch, W. (1977). Women as leaders: Performance evaluation as a function of method of leader selection. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 20, 149157.

Johnson, R. A. (1990). Affirmative action policy in the United States: Its impact on women. Policy and Politics, 18, 77-90.

Joly, S., Pelchat, D., & Tougas, F. (1993, May). Men and affirmative action: Opposition or misconception? Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Montreal.

Kinder, D. R. (1986). The continuing American dilemma: White resistance to racial change 40 years after Myrdal. Journal of Social Issues, 42(2), 151171.

Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. M. (1990). Mimicking political debate with survey questions: The case of White opinion on affirmative action for Blacks. Social Cognition, 8, 73103.

Kluegel, J. R. (1985). "If there isn't a problem, you don't need a solution": The bases of contemporary affirmative action attitudes. American Behavioral Scientist, 28, 761784.

Kluegel, J. R. (1990). Trends in Whites' explanations of the Black-White gap in socioeconomic status, 19771989. American Sociological Review, 55, 512525.

Kluegel, J. R., & Smith, E. R. (1983). Affirmative action attitudes: Effects of self-interest, racial affect, and stratification beliefs on Whites' views. Social Forces, 61(3), 797824.

Konrad, A. M., & Linnehan, F. (1995a). Formalized HRM structures: Coordinating equal employment opportunity or concealing organizational practices? Academy of Management Journal, 38, 787-820.

Konrad, A. M., & Linnehan, F. (1995b). Race and sex differences in line managers' reactions to equal employment opportunity and affirmative action interventions. Group and Organization Management, 20, 409439.

Kraus, S. J. (1995). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 5874.

Kravitz, D. A. (1994, April). Public perceptions of affirmative action. In D. A. Kravitz (Chair), Affirmative action: Psychological research and practitioner reactions. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Nashville, TN.

Kravitz, D. A. (1995). Attitudes toward affirmative action plans directed at Blacks: Effects of plan and individual differences. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 2192-2220.

Kravitz, D. A., & Meyer, B. (1995). Reactions of Hispanics to affirmative action plans directed at Hispanics. Poster session accepted for presentation at the 1996 annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.

Kravitz, D. A., & Platania, J. (1992, May). Attitudes and beliefs about race-based affirmative action. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Montreal, Canada.

Kravitz, D. A., & Platania, J. (1993). Attitudes and beliefs about affirmative action: Effects of target and of respondent sex and ethnicity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 928-938.

Kravitz, D. A., Stinson, V., & Mello, E. W. (1994, August). Public reactions to affirmative action. In M. E. Turner (Chair), Affirmative action at work: Towards reducing barriers to the integrated workplace. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas, TX.

Kravitz, D. A., & Van Epps, K. (1995, June). Affirmative action and fairness. In F. Crosby (Chair), Concepts of affirmative action. Symposium conducted at the Fifth International Conference on Social Justice Research, Reno, NV.

Leck, J. D., Saunders, D. M., & Charbonneau, M. (1995). Affirmative action programs: An organizational justice perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 705720.

Leonard, J. S. (1984a). Antidiscrimination or reverse discrimination: The impact of changing demographics, Title VII, and affirmative action on productivity. Journal of Human Resources, 19, 145174.

Leonard, J. S. (1984b). Employment and occupational advance under affirmative action. Review of Economics and Statistics, 66, 377385.

Leonard, J. S. (1984c). The impact of affirmative action on employment. Journal of Labor Economics, 2, 439463.

Leonard, J. S. (1989). Women and affirmative action. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3, 6175.

Leonard, J. S. (1990). The impact of affirmative action regulation and equal employment law on Black employment. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4, 4763.

Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity theory? New approaches to the study of fairness in social relationships. In K. J. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, & R. H. Willis (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research (pp. 27-55). New York: Plenum Press.

Levi, A. S., & Fried, Y. (1994). The effects of organizational framing of affirmative action on program acceptance among White males: A contingency model. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Lipset, S. M., & Schneider, W. (1978). The Bakke case: How would it be decided at the bar of public opinion? Public Opinion, 1(1), 38-44.

Lovrich, N. P., Jr., Steel, B. S., & Hood, D. (1986). Equity versus productivity: Affirmative action and municipal police services. Public Productivity Review, 39, 61-72.

Lynch, F. R. (1992). Race unconsciousness and the white male. Society, 29(2), 30-35.

Lynch, F. R., & Beer, W. R. (1990). "You ain't the right color, pal". Policy Review, 51, 64-67.

Maio, G. R., & Esses, V. M. (1996, July). Affirmative action can have deleterious effects on perceptions of groups. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, San Francisco.

Major, B., Feinstein, J., & Crocker, J. (1994). The attributional ambiguity of affirmative action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 113141.

Mann, J. A., & Fasolo, P. M. (1992, April). Attitudes toward affirmative action: Effects of procedural rationale and candidates' qualifications. Paper presented at the 63rd annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

Matheson, K., Echenberg, A., Taylor, D. M., Rivers, D., & Chow, I. (1994). Women's attitudes toward affirmative action: Putting actions in context. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 2075-2096.

McConahay, J. B. (1982). Self-interest versus racial attitudes as correlates of anti-busing attitudes in Louisville: Is it the buses or the Blacks? The Journal of Politics, 44, 692720.

McConahay, J. B., & Hough, J. C., Jr. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues, 32(2), 2345.

McGrath, J. E. (1981). Dilemmatics: The study of research choices and dilemmas. American Behavioral Scientist, 25, 179-210.

Murrell, A. J., Dietz-Uhler, B., Dovidio, J., Gaertner, S., & Drout, C. (1994). Aversive racism and resistance to affirmative action: Perceptions of justice are not necessarily color blind. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 71-86.

Nacoste, R. W. (1985). Selection procedure and responses to affirmative action: The case of favorable treatment. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 225-242.

Nacoste, R. W. (1987). But do they care about fairness? The dynamics of preferential treatment and minority interest. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 8, 177-191.

Nacoste, R. W. (1989). Affirmative action and self-evaluation. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Eds.), Affirmative action in perspective (pp. 103-109). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Nacoste, R. W. (1994). Policy schemas for affirmative action. In L. Heath, R. S. Tindale, J. Edwards, E. J. Posavac, F. B. Bryant, E. Hendeson-King, Y. Suarez-Balcazar, & J. Myers (Eds.) Applications of heuristics and biases to social issues (pp. 205-221). New York: Plenum Press.

Nacoste, R. W. (1995). Procedural-interdependence: A general approach to the psychology of affirmative action. Unpublished manuscript.

Nacoste, R. W., & Hummels, B. (1994). Affirmative action and the behavior of decision makers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 595-613.

Nacoste, R. W., & Lehman, D. (1987). Procedural stigma. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 17, 2538.

Newman, J. D. (1989). Affirmative action and the courts. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Eds.), Affirmative action in perspective (pp. 31-49). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Noble, A., & Winett, R. A. (1978). Chairpersons' and hirees' opinions, knowledge, and experiences with affirmative action guidelines. Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 194-199.

Northcraft, G. B., & Martin, J. (1982). Double jeopardy: Resistance to affirmative action from potential beneficiaries. In B. Gutek (Ed.), Sex role stereotyping and affirmative action policy (pp. 81130). Los Angeles: University of California, Institute of Industrial Relations.

Nosworthy, G. J., Lea, J. A., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1995). Opposition to affirmative action: Racial affect and traditional value predictors across four programs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 314-337.

Osterman, P. (1982). Affirmative action and opportunity: A study of female quit rates. Review of Economics and Statistics, 64, 604612.

Ozawa, K., Crosby, M., & Crosby, F. (1996). Individualism and resistance to affirmative action: A comparison of Japanese and American samples. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1138-1152.

Pace, J. M., & Smith, Z. (1995). Understanding affirmative action: From the practitioner's perspective. Public Personnel Management, 24, 139-147.

Pettitgrew, T. F., & Martin, J. (1987). Shaping the organizational context for Black American inclusion. Journal of Social Issues, 43(1) 4178.

Rasinski, K. A. (1987). What's fair is fair--or is it? Value differences underlying public views about social justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 201-211.

Reid, P. T., & Clayton, S. (1992). Racism and sexism at work. Social Justice Research, 5, 249-268.

Saal, F. E., & Moore, S. C. (1993). Perceptions of promotion fairness and promotion candidates' qualifications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 105110.

Sears, D. O. (1988). Symbolic racism. In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 5384). New York: Plenum Press.

Sharf, J. C. (1988). Litigating personnel measurement policy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 33, 235-271.

Sherman, M. F., Smith, R. J., & Sherman, N. C. (1983). Racial and gender differences in perceptions of fairness: When race is involved in a job promotion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57, 719728.

Sidanius, J., Devereux, E., & Pratto, F. (1992). A comparison of symbolic racism theory and social dominance theory as explanations for racial policy attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 377395.

Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Bobo, L. (1996). Racism, conservatism, affirmative action, and intellectual sophistication: A matter of principled conservatism or group dominance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 476-490.

Sigelman, L., & Welch, F. (1991). Black American's views of racial inequality. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Singer, M. (1990). Individual differences in category width and fairness perception of selection decisions. Social Behavior and Personality, 18, 87-94.

Singer, M. S. (1992). The application of relative deprivation theory to justice perception of preferential selection. Current Psychology: Research & Reviews, 11, 128-144.

Singer, M. S. (1993). Gender-based preferential selection: Perceptions of injustice and empathy of deprivation. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 1, 184202.

Singer, M. (1996). 'Merit', 'preferential' or 'diversity-based' selection: Effect of information frame and informant gender on the public's views on preferential treatment in selection. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 4, 1-11.

Smith, E. R., & Kluegel, J. R. (1984). Beliefs and attitudes about women's opportunity: Comparisons with beliefs about blacks and a general perspective. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47, 8195.

Smith, J. & Welch, F. (1984). Affirmative action and labor markets. Journal of Labor Economics, 2, 269301.

Sniderman, P. M., Piazza, T., Tetlock, P. E., & Kendrick, A. (1991). The new racism. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 423-447.

Sniderman, P. M., & Tetlock, P. E. (1986a). Reflections on American racism. Journal of Social Issues, 42(2), 173187.

Sniderman, P. M., & Tetlock, P. E. (1986b). Symbolic racism: Problems of motive attribution in political analysis. Journal of Social Issues, 42(2), 129150.

Son, I. S., Model, S. W., & Fisher, G. A. (1989). Polarization and progress in the Black community: Earnings and status gains for young Black males in the era of affirmative action. Sociological Forum, 4, 309327.

Steel, B. S., & Lovrich, N. P. (1987). Equality and efficiency tradeoffs in affirmative action -- Real or imagined? The case of women in policing. Social Science Journal, 24, 53-70.

Steele, C. (1992, April). Race and the schooling of Black Americans. Atlantic Monthly, 68-78.

Steffy, B. D., & Ledvinka, J. (1989). The long-range impact of five definitions of "fair" employee selection on black employment and employee productivity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 44, 297-324.

Stout, K. D., & Buffum, W. E. (1993). The commitment of social workers to affirmative action. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 20(2), 123-135.

Summers, R. J. (1991). The influence of affirmative action on perceptions of a beneficiary's qualifications. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1265-1276.

Summers, R. J. (1995). Attitudes toward different methods of affirmative action. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1090-1104.

Taylor-Carter, M. A., Doverspike, D., & Alexander, R. (1995). Message effects on the perceptions of the fairness of genderbased affirmative action: A cognitive response theorybased analysis. Social Justice Research, 8, 285-303.

Taylor-Carter, M. A., Doverspike, D., & Cook, K. (1995). Understanding resistance to sex and race-based affirmative action: A review of research findings. Human Resource Management Review, 5(2), 129157.

Taylor, M. C. (1994). Impact of affirmative action on beneficiary groups: Evidence from the 1990 General Social Survey. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 143178.

Thomas, R. R., Jr. (1990). From affirmative action to affirming diversity. Harvard Business Review, 90, 107-117.

Tickamyer, A., Scollay, S., Bokemeier, J., & Wood, T. (1989). Administrators' perceptions of affirmative action in higher education. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Eds.), Affirmative action in perspective (pp. 125138). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Tougas, F., & Beaton, A. M. (1993). Affirmative action in the work place: For better or for worse. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 42, 253264.

Tougas, F., Beaton, A. M., & Veilleux, F. (1991). Why women approve of affirmative action: The study of a predictive model. International Journal of Psychology, 26, 761776.

Tougas, F., Brown, R., Beaton, A. M., & Joly, S. (1995). Neosexism: Plus a change, plus c'est pareil. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 842849.

Tougas, F., Crosby, F., Joly, S., & Pelchat, D. (1995). Men's attitudes toward affirmative action: Justice and intergroup relations at the crossroads. Social Justice Research, 8, 57-71.

Tougas, F., & Veilleux, F. (1988). The influence of identification, collective relative deprivation, and procedure of implementation on women's response to affirmative action: A causal modeling approach. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 20, 15-28.

Tougas, F., & Veilleux, F. (1989). Who likes affirmative action: Attitudinal processes among men and women. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Eds.), Affirmative action in perspective (pp. 111-124). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Tougas, F., & Veilleux, F. (1990). The response of men to affirmative action strategies for women: The study of a predictive model. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 22, 424432.

Turner, M. E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1993). Effects of preferential and meritorious selection on performance: An examination of intuitive and self-handicapping perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 4758.

Turner, M. E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1994a). Affirmative action as help: A review of recipient reactions to preferential selection and affirmative action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 4369.

Turner, M. E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1994b). Affirmative action: Insights from social psychological and organizational research. Basic and Applied Psychology, 15, 111.

Turner, M. E., Pratkanis, A. R., & Hardaway, T. (1991). Sex differences in reactions to preferential selection: Towards a model of preferential selection as help. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 797814.

Uri, N. D., & Mixon, J. W. (1991). Effects of U. S. affirmative action programs on women's employment. Journal of Policy Modeling, 13, 367382.

Veilleux, F., & Tougas, F. (1989). Male acceptance of affirmative action programs for women: The results of altruistic or egoistical motives? International Journal of Psychology, 24, 485-496.

Warner, R. L., & Steel, B. S. (1989). Affirmative action in times of fiscal stress and changing value priorities: The case of women in policing. Public Personnel Management, 18, 291-309.

Witt, S. (1990). Affirmative action and job satisfaction: Selfinterested v. public spirited perspectives on social equity some sobering findings from the academic workplace. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 10(3), 7393.

Wright, P., Ferris, S. P., Hiller, J. S., & Kroll, M. (1995). Competitiveness through management of diversity: Effects on stock price valuation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 272287.