Affirmative Action: A Review of Psychological and Behavioral Research
David A. Kravitz, Rice University
David A. Harrison, University of Texas at Arlington
Marlene E. Turner, San Jose State University
Edward L. Levine, University of South Florida
Wanda Chaves, University of South Florida
Michael T. Brannick, University of South Florida
Donna L. Denning, City of Los Angeles
Craig J. Russell, Louisiana State University
Maureen A. Conard, HRStrategies
A monograph published by The Society for Industrial & Organizational Psychology, Inc.
P.O. Box 87
Bowling Green, OH 43402-0087
Copyright 1997
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Table of Contents
- A. Brief History of Legislative and Case Law
- B. Equal Employment Opportunity Versus Affirmative Action
- C. Affirmative Action Required by EO11246 Versus Other Affirmative Action
- D. Need to Address the Controversy
- A. The Nature of Affirmative Action Attitudes
- B. Structural Influences
- 1. Qualifications of Selected Candidate
- 2. Structure of the AAP (Weighting of Demographic Status)
- a. Conceptualizations
- b. Empirical Research
- (1) Knowledge of Affirmative Action
(2) Opinion Polls
(3) Experimental Research
(4) Conclusions c. Possible Mediators of Effect of AAP Structure on Attitudes
(1) Perceived Fairness
(a) Introduction
(b) Qualitative Research on Fairness Perceptions
(c) Research on the Relation Between Attitudes and Perceptions of Fairness
(d) Discussion
(2) Implications for Personal and Collective Self-interest
- d. Conclusions
- 3. Attempts to Influence Evaluations
- a. Providing Information About AAP Details
- b. Justifying the AAP
- c. Conclusions
- 4. Identity of Target Group
- 5. Setting
- 6. Need for Affirmative Action
- 7. Conclusions
- C. Individual Differences Bases (Respondent Dimensions)
- 1. Respondent Role
- a. Decision Makers Versus Others
- b. Target Group Members Versus Non-members
- 2. Demographic Variables
- a. Gender and Race/Ethnicity
- b. Other Demographic Variables
- (1) Surveys of the General Public
- (2) Surveys of Specific Populations
- (3) Summary
- 3. Self-Efficacy
- 4. Opinion Variables
- a. Prejudice (Racism and Sexism)
- b. Relative Deprivation
- (1) Relative Deprivation on Behalf of Others
- (2) Collective Relative Deprivation
- c. Political Perspective
- 5. Personal Experiences
- 6. Conclusions
- A. Evaluations of Females
- B. Evaluations of Blacks and Other Minorities
- C. Summary
- D. Effects on Relations Among Parties
- A. Measures of Motivation, Interest, Commitment, and Choice
- B. Selfevaluations of Ability and Performance
- C. Performance
- D. Theoretical Perspectives on Recipient Reactions to Affirmative Action
- E. Summary
- A. Employment of Women and Minorities in Organizations
- B. Income Attainment
- C. Promotional and Occupational Status
- D. Summary
- A. Organizational Effectiveness
- B. Stock Prices
- C. Summary
- A. Conclusions
- B. Limitations and Needed Research
Prepared by a subcommittee of the Scientific Affairs Committee of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, October, 1996.
Committee Members:
David A. Kravitz, Rice University
David A. Harrison, University of Texas at Arlington
Marlene E. Turner, San Jose State University
Edward L. Levine, University of South Florida
Michael T. Brannick, University of South Florida
Donna L. Denning, City of Los Angeles
Craig J. Russell, University of Oklahoma
Maureen A. Conard, HRStrategies
Rabi S. Bhagat, University of Memphis
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